 |
3507 Turnberry Lane,
Augusta, Ga. 30907
[Cel.
(706) 288-8900]
[Fax
(706) 854-8272]
Email:
bobbysc@aol.com |
Glossary
"C" |
| |
| |
Can Annular Chamber
|
A
combination of can and annular type chambers, which are a number of flame
tubes fitted inside a common air casing with the airflow coming from the
main chamber to the secondary flame tubes within. |
| Can Velocity |
The velocity of gas in the passages between the elements of a gas filter. |
Cap
|
The pressure screw
cover and/or lever housing on a valve, which may be screwed, bolted. packed,
or a plain lever. |
Capacity
|
Capacity of a compressor is the full rated volume of flow of air
compressed and delivered at certain set conditions and is
usually expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm). |
Capacity, Actual
|
The actual volume flow rate of air or gas compressed and
delivered from a compressor running at its rated operating conditions of
speed, pressures, and temperatures. Actual capacity is generally expressed
in actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) at conditions prevailing at the
compressor inlet. |
Capacity Filtration
|
The amount of air that a filter can handle, expressed in (cfm), cubic feet
per minute. |
Capillary Tube
|
A restrictive tube located between the condenser and the evaporator in a refrigeration system which restricts the flow
of Freon and allows pressure to build on one side and suction on the other. |
Capacity Gauge
|
A gauge that measures air flow as a percentage of capacity,
used in rotary screw compressors as an estimator during modulation controls. |
| Carbonate |
A salt or
ester of carbonic acid. |
Carbon Dioxide
|
A heavy
colorless gas found in some ambient air conditions that does not support
combustion but is formed by the combustion and decomposition of organic
substances. |
Carbon Monoxide
|
A colorless, odorless, very poisonous gas found in some ambient air
conditions that formed by the incomplete combustion of
carbon. |
Carbon Residue
|
It is the
carbon remaining following the evaporating of an oil under controlled
conditions. |
Casing
|
The pressure
containing stationary element that encloses the rotor and associated
internal components of a compressor, including integral inlet and discharge
connections.
|
Celsius (°C)
|
The
international temperature scale where water freezes at 0 (degrees) and boils
at 100 (degrees), also known as the centigrade temperature scale. |
| Center Tube |
Generally
referred to the internal duct and filter medium support. |
Centrifugal Compressor
|
A
dynamic compressor; a machine in which air or gas is compressed by the
mechanical action of rotating vanes or impellers imparting velocity and
pressure to the air or gas. In a centrifugal compressor, flow is in a radial
direction with air entering the compressor through the machine mounted inlet
control valve and flows to the first stage where the impeller imparts
velocity energy to the air. The air then proceeds through a diffuser section
which converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. A multistage
centrifugal compressor is a machine having two or more of these stages. |
Certificate of Analysis
(C of A) |
A document which demonstrates that a product has been produced in
compliance to a stated specification and contains actual analysis results. |
Certificate of Conformance
(C of C) |
A warranty of sale declaring that a product meets or exceeds a
stated specification.
|
Charle's Law
|
States that
the volume of a gas, at constant pressure, varies directly with the absolute
temperature. |
Chatter
|
Abnormal, rapid
reciprocating movement of the disc on the seat of a pressure relief valve. |
| Check Valve |
A valve which permits flow in only one direction.
|
Chip Control
|
A filter
intended to prevent only large particles from entering a component installed
immediately downstream. |
Chlorine
|
A chemical
element found in some ambient air conditions that is a heavy strong
smelling, greenish yellow, imitating gas used as a bleach, oxidizing agent,
and disinfectant. |
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
|
Compounds containing chlorine, fluorine or bromine, used as aerosol
propellants, refrigerants, foaming agents and solvents and which, on
decomposition by sunlight, produce oxides of chlorine responsible for the
removal of ozone from the stratosphere. |
Choke
|
This term is used for turbo compressors and represents the maximum
flow condition. It is sometimes also referred to as stonewalling. |
Cleanable
|
A filter element which, when loaded, can be restored by a
suitable process, to an acceptable percentage of its original dirt capacity. |
| Cleanliness Level |
A
measure of relative freedom from contaminants. |
Clean Room
|
A facility or
enclosure in which air content and other conditions (such as temperature,
humidity, and pressure) are controlled and maintained at a specific level by
special facilities and operating processes and by trained personnel. |
Clean Pressure Drop
|
The pressure loss across the filter element determined under steady state
flow conditions using a clean test fluid across a clean filter element.
|
Clean Water Act
|
Regulates the discharge or disposal of any material (whether solid, liquid,
or gaseous) into any water body or reservoir. Since most discharges via
rainwater runoff drain into streams or storm sewers, this Act covers
virtually all discharges. This Act establishes a permit program (the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System - NPDES), which requires
dischargers to disclose the volume and nature of their discharges. The Act
also authorizes EPA to specify limitation to be imposed on such discharges,
and to impose on dischargers an obligation to monitor and report their
compliance or noncompliance with the imposed limitations, and authorizes EPA
enforcement powers in the event of noncompliance. The objective of the Act
is to achieve a level of national water quality which provides for the
protection of propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife. |
Clearance
|
The maximum cylinder volume on the working side of the piston
minus the displacement volume per stroke. Normally it is expressed as a
percentage of the displacement volume. |
Clearance Pocket
|
An auxiliary volume that may be opened to the clearance
space, to increase the clearance, usually temporarily, to reduce the
volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor. |
| Clevis |
A device for
mounting cylinders. |
Closed Loop System
|
A
system in which distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors are
circulated through a collector and storage tank in a closed loop. Heat
picked up from the collector by the circulating fluid is transferred to the
storage tank through the closed loop or other heat exchangers.
|
Back to Top
Coalescing Filter
|
A
filter unit that combines three principles to filter out oil aerosols: 1)
Direct interception - A sieving action, 2) Inertial impaction - Collision
with filter media fibers, 3) Diffusion -Particles travel in a spiral motion,
presenting an effective frontal area thus capturing particles within the
filter medium. |
Coefficient of Discharge
|
The ratio of the measured relieving capacity to the theoretical relieving
capacity. |
Cogeneration
|
(1)Any of
several processes that either use waste heat produced by electricity
generation to satisfy thermal needs, or process waste heat to electricity,
or produce mechanical energy. (2) The use of a single prime fuel source in a
reciprocating engine or gas turbine to generate both electrical and thermal
energy to optimize fuel efficiency. The dominant demand for energy may be
either electrical or thermal. Usually it is thermal with excess electrical
energy, if any, being transmitted into the local power supply lines. |
Cold Differential Test
Procedure |
Actual gage pressure on a test stand that includes correction factors for
temperature, pulsation, vibration, constant back pressure, etc. |
Cold Start
|
Starting a
compressor from a state of total shutdown. Usually executed with "local"
control at the compressor. May be accomplished with "remote" control, but is
advised to do so only with the assistance of "heavy" instrumentation and
monitoring accessories. |
Collapse
|
An inward
structural failure of a filter element which can occur due to abnormally
high pressure drop (differential pressure) or resistance to flow. |
Collapse Pressure
|
The
minimum differential pressure that an element is designed to withstand
without permanent deformation. |
| Compensator |
An expansion
joint designed to take up thermal expansion.
|
Composition of Air
|
A
colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. A mixture of individual gases. The
gaseous mixture surrounding the earth. |
| Compressed |
To reduce a volume by applying pressure; e.g., compressed air. |
| Compressed Air |
Air under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. |
Compressed Air Challenge
|
A public/private initiative to promote the efficiency of compressed air in
the USA. |
Compressed Gas
|
Any gas or gas mixture that, when enclosed in a container, has a pressure
exceeding 40 psia at 70°F, has a pressure exceeding 104 psia at 130°F, or
any liquid flammable material having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psia at
100°F. |
Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) |
Primarily methane or propane.
|
Compressibility
|
A factor expressing the deviation of a gas from the laws
of thermodynamics. (See also Super Compressibility) |
Compressibility Factor Z
|
The ratio of an actual volume of the gas to the volume determined
according to the perfect gas law. |
Compression, Adiabatic
|
Compression in which no heat is transferred to or
from the gas during the compression process. |
Compression Efficiency
|
The
ratio of theoretical work requirement to actual work required to be
performed on the gas for compression and delivery. |
| Compression, Isothermal |
Compression in which the temperature of the gas
remains constant. |
Compression, Polytropic
|
Compression in which the relationship between the
pressure and the volume is expressed by the equation PVn is a constant.
|
Compression Ratio
|
The ratio of the absolute discharge pressure to the
absolute inlet pressure. |
| Compressor |
A machine that compresses air or gases. |
Compressor Module
|
Also
known as an "Air Station Module"; a "Compressor Module" is a
complete, prefabricated compressor system. The components of a complete
Compressor Module are inlet filter, compressor, after cooler, pre-filter,
air dryer, after filter and associated subsystems. The Compressor Module is
prefabricated and delivered to the customer's site where several modules are
assembled together to create an air station. |
Computer Control
|
Control
may be "local" using a micro-processor or "remote" using a PC (Personal
Computer) or "larger" computer. This control application is
only recommended where large "swings" in
system (process) demand amplitude may occur. It is very effective where "load
shaping" is an important consideration. "Heavy" monitoring and
instrumentation accessories are required for the system to be efficient and
effective and is usually not necessary where system demand is predominantly
constant. |
| Condensate |
The liquid
that separates from a vapor during condensation. |
Condenser
|
A device that
changes a vapor into a liquid. Accomplished by exposing a tube containing
vapor to air or by passing the tube through a water jacket. |
Conduction
|
The transfer
of heat energy through a material (solid, liquid, or gas) by the motion of
adjacent atoms and molecules without gross displacement of the particles. |
Constant Speed
Control
|
A
system in which the compressor is run continuously and matches air
supply to air demand by varying the compressor load.
|
Contaminant
|
Foreign matter carried in
the air, gas or fluid to be filtered out. Includes air borne dirt, metallic
particles produced by wear of moving parts of the air compressor, rust from
metal pipelines.
|
Contaminant Capacity
|
The
weight of a specified artificial contaminant that must be added to
the influent to produce a given differential pressure across a
filter at specified conditions which is used as an indication of
relative service life. |
Contaminant Failure
|
Any
loss of performance due to the presence of contamination. Two basic
types of contamination failure are: Perceptible -- gradual loss of
efficiency or performance, and Catastrophic -- dramatic, unexpected
failure. |
| Control Valve |
A
valve that controls the flow in air lines. |
| Convection |
A
means of transferring heat through mass flow; also, it is the
transfer of heat within a fluid by movements within the fluid. |
Convolution
|
On a bellow type air
actuator, that part of the flexible member forming an annular protrusion
larger than the O.D. of the end retainers or bead rings.
|
Back to Top
| Coolant |
Fluid cooling
agent. |
Cooling Temperature
Differential (CTD)
|
Approach temperature. Usually the difference
between cooling water temperature in to compressed air temperature out of an
inter-cooler or after-cooler. Sometimes used to define oil cooler efficiency
(cooling water temperature in to oil temperature out). |
Cooling Tower
|
A cooling
water supply system. There are two different types - Open and closed loop
systems. |
Coriolis Force
|
An
apparent force used mathematically to describe motion, as of air, relative
to a non inertial uniformly moving frame of reference. |
Cracking
|
To subject
petroleum oil to heat to accomplish breaking the material down into lighter
products. |
Critical Pressure
|
The limiting value of saturation pressure as the
saturation temperature approaches the critical temperature.
|
Critical Speed
|
Critical Temperature - The highest temperature at which well-defined liquid
and vapor states exist. Sometimes it is defined as the highest temperature
at which it is possible to liquify a gas by pressure alone.
|
Crosshead Assembly
|
The
assembly connecting the crankcase and connecting rod to the cylinder head
and piston rod for translating circular to linear motion. |
Crosshead Compressor
|
A
compressor belonging to the group of displacement reciprocating compressors. |
Crosshead Loading
|
The
tensile or compressive loading on the crosshead assembly with compressive
piston rod loading on the outward stroke and tensile piston rod loading on
the inward stroke. |
Cubic Feet Per Minute
(cfm) |
Volumetric air flow rate measurement.
|
Cubic Meters Per Second
(cu m/sec) |
A measurement of volume per unit of time.
|
Cubic Feet Per Minute
Free Air |
(cfm) of air delivered to a certain point at a certain
condition, converted back to ambient conditions.
|
Cut-In/Cut-Out Pressure
|
Respectively, the minimum and maximum discharge
pressures at which the compressor will switch from unload to load operation
(cut in) or from load to unload (cut out).
|
Cycle
|
The series of steps that a compressor with unloading performs; 1)
fully loaded, 2) modulating (for compressors with modulating control), 3)
unloaded, 4) idle.
|
| Cycles Per Minute (CPM) |
A unit of measure of the frequency of any vibration. |
| Cycle Time |
Amount of time for a compressor to complete one cycle.
|
| Cylinder |
The piston
chamber in a compressor or actuator. |
Cyclone
|
A type of
separator for removal of larger particles from an exhaust gas stream. Gas
laden with particulates enters the cyclone and is directed to flow in a
spiral causing the entrained particulates to fall out and collect at the
bottom. The gas exits near the top of the cyclone. |
Cyclone Separator
|
A means of purifying an air stream by using both
gravitational and centrifugal forces. |
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